Investment Considerations for Nations & Businesses

From rural electrification to food security, the Government of Rwanda regularly considers various investment opportunities. Allow me to suggest the Government of Rwanda may be wise to approach such deliberations from the perspective of a private business.

For a business to be successful over the long-run, it must continuously invest. By definition, an investment seeks a rate of return that is competitive vis-à-vis other investments that entail a similar level of risk. Sources of capital for investment are categorized as either equity or debt. The amount of debt verses the amount of equity required for a business to be successful depends on a number of factors. Ultimately, the business has to generate enough capital to repay its debt holders and it has to generate enough profits to satisfy the return requirements of its equity holders. When a company begins to generate negative profits (i.e. lose money) and continues on that path to the point where it has insufficient funds to pay the interest on its debts, the business goes into default, which is tantamount to bankruptcy.

Reversing this course means a return to profitability which inevitably requires some form of new investment. That may take the form of equipment retrofitting to produce a different line of more profitable products. It may require factory relocation or hiring a more qualified team that will successfully manage expenses. Even reducing employee ranks requires an initial investment in some form of severance benefits to those former employees. The two criteria required to justify any investment are: 1) it generates the required return, and 2) it affords sufficient capital to fulfill ongoing commitments.

These same investment criteria apply to public sector investments. Friedrich August Hayek, renowned 20th Century economist and philosopher, advocated for nations to grow by using internally generated profits to make investments that create appropriate returns. In contrast, John Maynard Keynes, Hayek’s contemporary, argued for nations to grow by using borrowed funds to make investments that generate appropriate returns. There is a great debate continuing today in the developing world about which approach is best. The reality for any nation (or business) is that these are not mutually exclusive; both debt and equity strategies need to be pursued simultaneously to maximize growth.

Nations seeking growth implicitly or explicitly evaluate two criteria: 1) what capital structure will be simultaneously the lowest cost and still afford sufficient capital to fulfill ongoing obligations to creditors; 2) what investments will generate the highest short, medium and long-term returns.

As businesses readily attest, a nation’s best investment is in its people. This includes appropriate levels of health care, education and entitlements; more importantly it involves investing in the creation of an environment where people have the opportunity to exercise their gifts and talents to the maximum extent for the benefit of themselves, their families and their communities. Rwanda is leading the way in the East African Region by striving to maintain a competitive capital structure, while making investments that will generate good socio-economic returns for its citizens. 

Other developing countries could learn from the example set by the Government of Rwanda, while simultaneously taking a page from the logic used by business investors: prioritize investments in people, find the right balance of debt and equity, and commit to continuous investment for growth.

-Dano

Building Management As/Where the Market Demands

A 14 February 2011 article in The East African (a regional business newspaper) titled Low Capacity the Reason Africa is Still Poor highlights the need for business management capacity building.  As readers of this blog know, Karisimbi Business Partners is a Kigali-based management consulting firm offering long-term commitment and world-class advice.  As a socially-motivated venture, we aim to offer high-impact guidance to high-impact ventures.  Every day Karisimbi Partners interacts in very practical ways with a wide range of business operators in Rwanda.  Below are some examples of what this looks like.

Consumer Products Sales & Marketing: Daily mentoring of the client’s sales manager for a large (500K USD annual turnover) consumer products company.  This includes creating the template for establishing a baseline of existing customers, volumes, and prices – business has been operating for four years and this information isn’t available.  It involves one-on-one mentoring including some basic guidance like the following:

Sales Manager: “I’ve spent the day out talking to customers promising them better quality and better service.”

Karisimbi Partner: “Please don’t promise anything unless you know how you are going to deliver on that promise.  The first job has to be to listen to the customers’ concerns and let them know that the company is working hard to address those concerns.  Secondly, start the conversation by simply asking them what would be required in order for them to be willing to distribute a small additional volume of your product.  Let’s meet again in two days to review the list of customers and their responses to your questions.”

Project Management: Working with the client’s Director of Project Management to understand the current status of Project Management Reporting in a large (more than 5M USD annual turnover) construction company.  Ultimately concluding that none of the daily, weekly or monthly reports focus on analyzing changes in critical path task schedules.  Reporting only focuses on financial indicators.  As a result, most of the company’s projects are delivered on budget, but significantly behind schedule.  Currently developing and conducting one-on-one training for project managers on an Excel-based reporting process that focuses more heavily on adjustments to critical path task schedules.

Investing: Analyzing the variety of businesses within a holding group and advising the owner of the company where to invest the next 1M USD that he wants to put into his businesses.  Realizing that most of the financial reporting is on a cash-basis (as opposed to accrual) and there are significant difficult-to-track transfers between different businesses and therefore limited insight into the true profit and loss individually attributed to any one business unit.

These interactions were not conducted through group “training” sessions.  These were not theoretical or generalized approaches to particular aspects of business management.  These were relationship-based practical interventions addressing particular challenges for particular people in particular companies.  The impacts are clear and measurable and as advisors, Karisimbi Partners is actually held accountable in many ways by the client for the outcomes.  In every one of these interactions, Rwandan business managers experienced significant growth in their business management capacity.  And that growth will be passed on directly to sales people, project managers and investment analysts in those companies and other companies in those industries.

While our work often begins with asking many questions and delivering some analysis in the form of a report, interactions such as those described above suggest the report merely represents the beginning of the partnership we form with clients in order to ensure implementation.  These implementations, while difficult and time-consuming, are where the greatest impact is possible…. and they are perhaps the most rewarding part of what we do.

This approach is not necessarily the only means of building business management capacity in Rwanda but it seems to be a method that is in demand by the marketplace and we believe that ultimately the market is what should drive approaches to business management capacity building.

-Dano

Claiming Karisimbi

In naming our organization we had a two part objective:   first, as a local socially-motivated business, intent on demonstrating our commitment to the needs of Rwandan businesses and entrepreneurs, we wanted a name that was clearly Rwandan – unmistakable in its connection to the country; second, we wanted to communicate our mission and the value we hoped to bring to all organizations, leaders and enterprises with whom we had the privilege to engage. 

Our tag line is “Guiding ventures to reach new heights”, and as Mount Karisimbi represents the highest point in Rwanda (14,800 ft), is familiar to all Rwandese, and provides a clear metaphor for growth and challenge, we felt secure in appropriating it for our organization.  However….it never felt quite right that in our strategy discussions with clients, our metaphorical descriptions and comparisons of business challenges and successes to Mount Karisimbi, we had no personal experience with the great mountain itself. This changed last month with our team’s two day expedition of our namesake.

Located in northern Rwanda and bordering the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mt. Karisimbi is an inactive volcano in the Virunga mountain range.   Despite Rwanda’s stable equatorial climate, a peak of this height means conditions far different from the rest of the country, with temperatures around 30 degrees Fahrenheit at base camp and deep mud for 90% of the trek.  As one would expect, we prepared for the adventure with appropriate clothes, packs, footwear, tents, food, water, etc and secured a national park guide to lead us up.  From that point on, our expectations and metaphors differed from those we had discussed “in theory” with clients over the past year and half, revealing some new and unexpected similarities to the challenge of building business and growing management capacity.  Allow me to list some highlights and “business” observations from our adventure:

Focus on your strengths (e.g. don’t be afraid to outsource / hire expertise):

Dano and I were both very pleased to learn that porters would be available for hire ($8.50 per day).  Neither of us had any ego associated with carrying our own 40+ lb. pack plus water up a muddy trail.  Getting ourselves up and down the mountain sounded within our “skill set.”  To prove the point, those heavily laden porters handily beat us both up and down the mountain.  Carter and a friend decided to take the challenge of carrying their fully loaded packs on day one…arriving at base camp well after us, white faced and wobbly and ready to concede the packs for day two. 

Plan for the Unexpected (e.g. allow for contingencies and protect yourself):

To our surprise, not only did we have a guide, we were assigned ten well armed soldiers to provide protection for our expedition.  We hesitate to speculate why or if they were necessary, but writing this safely back at home means I have no complaints.  Now that’s what I call insurance.

Keep your sense of humor (e.g. laugh at adversity):

There is a reason people refer to business as “serious”, but, despite its inherent challenges (or perhaps because of them), it is important to maintain your sense of humor and perspective.  Climbing a mountain for “fun”, resigning yourself to the necessary “trudging” required to keep forward momentum through muddy trails lined by stinging nettles, camping at 12,000 ft in the cold with minimal sleep… all these things can change your attitude for the worse, but only if you let it. 

Building relationships (e.g. stronger together than apart)

An obvious expectation of people taking on a challenge together is (hopefully) a strengthening of relationships and teamwork.  We certainly found this to be the case on our climb, which included deepening our own partnership, getting to know our new intern, Jon Porter, and crossing cultural lines - huddled around a campfire with soldiers at night trading hymns in our respective languages - relationship building at its simplest.

Dano, Greg & Carter- true Karisimbi Partners at last

View from the top (e.g. may not be all you expect):

Sometimes achieving the goal is quite different from the expectation.  We had often talked with clients about the proverbial “incredible views once you’ve achieved the summit of your potential”, but the reality for us was that our last 1000 feet of the climb was completely clouded over, resulting in near zero visibility from the top; the dominant recollection from the summit consists of cold, wind, ice and other debris.  Ironically, one of the most rewarding views was at the bottom of the mountain, where the fields of pyrethrum (daisy) stretched across the landscape.  This had very special significance for us given our work assisting the client whose factory these well tended fields would supply – bringing employment and security to the local farmers.

Dano, Carter & Greg after the summit

Carter thinks this should be an annual trip with clients invited, but Dano and I aren’t quite there yet.  Either way, we are proud to now legitimately lay claim to our name, Karisimbi Partners.

-Greg

Private Sector Development in Developing Countries: What Works?

Umwaka Mushya Muhire!  (Happy New Year!) 

After recent travel and varied conversations, I am convinced that there are many good (and controversial) ideas about the best form of private sector development.  I would like to take this opportunity to put the question to YOU: 

“What seems to work (and what does not) among economic development initiatives in developing countries?”

I will compile your responses (including pitfalls to avoid and best practices to consider) and add some of Karisimbi Partners' own insights in an effort to see if anything resembling a consensus can be found for application in places like Rwanda.  Please lend us your ideas and opinions on this important topic!

Onward and Upward,

-Carter

Should you Work in Rwanda?

Moving to Rwanda to establish a company has certainly challenged our expectations, and the learning curve remains steep; the surprises many.  None of us expected, for instance, that there would be so many people from North America and Europe interested in joining Karisimbi Partners.  We have been approached by a diverse array of gutsy individuals… undergraduate students and CEO’s, people between the ages of 18 and 60, folks full of great intention, significant questions and interesting backgrounds.  We did not fully anticipate the extent to which our unique model for offering socially-motivated business support services might strike a chord with a growing number of people in the West seeking to alleviate poverty, assist developing economies, contribute to Rwanda’s bold vision, or simply do something more meaningful than standard corporate jobs seemed to offer.  Many of these people are determined to engage and contribute in more intimate ways than philanthropy and short-term trips can offer.

Because our venture is yet a start-up, it has not truly been in a position to support more than the three people who started it.  Still, one Business Analyst intern has joined us for the past nine months, and another, Jon Porter, is joining us in January.  We’ve also had countless e-mail, Skype calls, interviews and meetings with candidates of one type or another (most unacquainted with Africa and/or Rwanda).  In the course of these discussions, we’ve begun to zero in on some questions that seem to matter in such considerations:

• Are you committed enough to work in Rwanda for a significant period of time? Working remotely, visiting occassionally, or working ‘on-the-ground’ for less than two weeks at a time, is clearly not sufficient.
• Have you already demonstrated excellence in a particular area?  We contend that Africa’s development requires and deserves the ‘best’ the world has to offer. Much can be done with well-intentioned people, but much more can be done if their expertise is as strong as their motivation.  This also contributes immensely to the dignity and development of the people served.
• Do you bring expertise that precisely fits at least one real and pressing need in Rwanda? Amazing things happen when a specific need at one of our client firms can be connected to world-class expertise among our contacts in other countries.  To start by cataloging our contacts and their skills in the West, in the hope they can be matched to a specific need here, is less likely to yield the mutual benefits we all seek. 
• Are you humble and flexible enough to adapt what you know to accommodate what works here? The most brilliant, experienced person in the world is useless here if they can't translate and bend as conditions require.
• Are you willing to work long and hard?  Our mission is rarely characterized by quick fixes or instant results.  Lectures, seminars, short-term visits and nice reports are never sufficient in fostering deep relationships, understanding, knowledge transfer and sustainable improvement.  There remains no substitute for what can be accomplished through hard work alongside partners and clients.

We are grateful for the surprising interest we have received.  While many conversations would benefit if every candidate could start by answering the above questions, part of what we continue to learn is how to connect the uninitiated to the type of work we do.  A similar set of questions could also help people to evaluate their fit in other developing world organizations or refine what matters most as they set up a company of their own in such a country.

While we can’t hire them all, our sincere hope is that we can encourage more people to move to, and work in, places like Rwanda.

Onward and Upward,

-Carter

Thanks for the Difference a Year Makes

One year ago we had no real evidence to prove that the idea of Karisimbi Partners was a good one.  We didn’t know if we would be accepted by Rwandans.  We didn’t know if we would be able to have a positive impact in the way we had hoped.  We didn’t know how our families would adapt (or ourselves for that matter).  It was a beginning filled with many unknowns. 

We had different challenges then than we have now.  We didn’t know where to go for good food.  We didn’t know what vehicle to buy.  We didn’t know if we would have enough money to pay rent after our first three to six months.  We didn’t know all the cultural norms for interacting with our clients.  We didn’t know the local tax laws.  We didn’t know what we didn’t know.

We still have plenty of challenges and many of them aren’t so different from the ones we had originally, but we are somehow more comfortable with the uncertainty of it all.  We still don’t know what we don’t know but by definition of having been here for a year, there is at least less that we don’t know now than we didn’t know then.

We give thanks to God for this incredible year and the opportunities we’ve had to experience His love and to share some of that love with others.  We’ve seen children adopted and deep friendships forged.  We’ve witnessed employees and interns see the world in a different light and client businesses grow and employ more people.  We’ve had countless culture-changing interactions on the street corner and within the office of the Prime Minister.  Thank you God!

Exhibit A: Over the past week, we attended a meeting with a group of seven leading mid-sized Rwandan companies, led by the Permanent Secretary (number two person) of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, where Karisimbi Partners was featured as the company “doctor” that could help turn around these ailing companies.  We led a negotiation with a global software provider in order to develop a solution for Kigali City to manage its finances and serve its people better.  We had lunch with an employee to celebrate his experience over the last six months and challenge and mentor him as he thinks about next steps.  We advised a client on how to effectively use US Government grant money.   We ended the week with a team meeting to discuss how to juggle what seems to be a growing list of opportunities that are in front of us.   Compare that discussion to one year ago, where at least I was wondering whether I would need to find a side-job as a teacher or car mechanic in order to stay busy….

Maybe the best blessing in the last year is in our families.  For one example, when my kids first arrived, they weren’t so sure about Rwanda in general.  This week, my eldest daughter asked me if we could stay in Rwanda forever.  I told her it was up to God.  Pretty cool.

Dano

Poverty Alleviation via Choice Redistribution?

We live in one of the poorest countries in the world (Rwanda is #184 out of 194 countries ranked).  Poverty could be described as a condition whereby people have insufficient resources.  Certainly, resources such as property, employment, food and income are finite and competitively sought after.  Ghandi once claimed, “There is enough for the world’s need but not the world’s greed”.  This simple sentiment suggests poverty is not only a matter of insufficient supply, but of insufficient distribution of the available supply in the global community.

It is also possible to think about poverty as the simple lack of one particular resource: choice.  The poor are depraved by the sheer lack of options they have at their disposal.  Whereas I’ve been fortunate enough to choose among many possible foods, medicines, schools, jobs and neighborhoods, my gardener had no such options to choose from.  Jean Pierre did not have the option to continue schooling past age 12.  He claimed two of the best jobs available for boys in his region, but faced death daily in the mines and on his commute.  Thanks to his Aunt, Jean Pierre was able to leave his hometown and experience the possibilities of the big city, Kigali, but he could not afford a place to live or the health care to enable him to be treated for an ulcer and keep his job.  Once he married and began a family, he felt he had not choice but to withstand the ill-treatment of his employer.  The poor can often feel stuck in a bad place few options for escape.  While my family and I chose to make some sacrifices in order to move to Rwanda, we are pleased to report Jean Pierre seems to have a few more choices as a result of our move.  We allowed him the opportunity to leave his former employer (and claim better, more regular pay).  We gave him the chance to claim his preferred job title and responsibility, that of a gardener.  At 42, he is taking coursework in English and learning how to drive (each offer a host of new options).  He and his wife are now considering how to use his first paid vacation ever.  These are small tokens of how our lives here have added some options to one additional life. 

Perhaps one way to alleviate poverty might be to prescribe a sort of “choice transplant”.  We might extend Ghandi’s claim to read: the world offers enough options for everyone, but not if some people claim the all best options for themselves.  What would happen if more of us with the best options made a concerted effort to give or share them with those born with the least?

Because Karisimbi Partners is committed to private sector development, it is easy for us to point to the expanding options that accrue when a Rwandan is employed in a job that builds a company, sector and this emerging economy.  However, I’ve recently been struck by what may be the most profound choice transplant of all: adoption.  Post genocide and epidemics, estimates are that 21% of Rwandan children have lost one or both parents, classifying roughly 10% of the population as ‘orphans’.  The Jukanovich’s adopted Nathaniel Nyanzima last March, providing an entire lifetime of new options to a boy who had few.  The Urquharts are now on adoption journey as well.  Such actions effectively transfer upon those with the bleakest prospects all the privileges and opportunities one would expect if born in one of the world’s wealthiest regions.  At times, it can seem the problem of poverty is too pervasive and attempts to address it slow and ineffective.  Consider, however, the shattered bonds and immense future of a single adopted child and be awe-struck, as I am, with what is possible. 

If poverty is defined as a lack of choices, this condition is neither fatal nor permanent.  Choice transplant is possible.  As we speak, profound sacrifices are being made to create profound opportunities for those with none.

Onward and Upward,

-Carter